托福考生必備素材：名人笛卡爾

　　托福寫作考試分為獨立寫作和綜合寫作2個部分。很多考生在考試當中會遇到尷尬的事情就是無話可說，那么這時你積累的一些托福寫作素材可能就會幫助到你了。下面小編給大家帶來托福考生必備素材：名人笛卡爾。

　　托福考生必備素材：名人笛卡爾

　　笛卡爾(Descartes)

　　參考事跡：法國著名哲學家，數學家，物理學家，同時對氣象，生物等學科都做出了許多研究，解析幾何的創立者。提出了"普遍懷疑" 原則，認為要清除由傳統得來的偏見，其辦法就是懷疑。他說："要追求真理，我們必須在一生中盡可能地把所有事物都來懷疑一次."

　　他認為懷疑本身就是一種思想活動，提出了"我思故我在"( I think, therefore I am ) 的著名公式。不過笛卡爾的懷疑是清除不確定東西的一種手段，和以懷疑為目的，根本不判斷的懷疑是不同的。

　　利用點：我思故我在(懷疑論精髓內容)，挑戰權威等。"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively." "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority." "To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."

　　托福考生必備素材：個人關系

　　寫作話題

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Two people can become good friends even if one of them has more money than the other.

　　參考范文

　　At present, a popular Chinese entertainment plot is that a poor boy and a rich girl who, after a long time of suffering, eventually become friends. Could this type of fairy-tale story happen in reality? Personally, I do not think it very likely. In other words, I believe that people who possess huge sums of money and people living in poverty find it very hard to be friends, for they have different goals and lifestyles.

　　Firstly, a different goal in life between the rich and the poor make it nearly impossible for them to be friends. For the poor, the only living goal may be to make a decent life; for the rich, they may be more concerned with how to continue a business or increase profits. Someone from a poor family will often have the same dream as his father: to be able to buy a spacious apartment and a nice car and have a happy family. Those from rich families have interests beyond these basic needs: meeting celebrities or other networking opportunities, increasing social status, or worry about investments and government relationships. Thus the whole focus of life may be completely different.

　　Secondly, even something as simple as entertainment can be completely different between the wealthy and the poor, affecting their attitude toward life. They take part in different leisure activities when they get free time. After finishing his ordinary working-class job, Tom generally goes back home and stays with his wife and kids. For his family, the happiest thing is to sit together and watch soap operas in front of TV. John, a wealthy man, entertains himself quiet differently after work. Almost every weekend, John goes to the golf course to enjoy the fresh air and indulge himself. Since the ways that they spend their spare time are so different, it means that they have a great distinction of their attitudes toward life. With such a distinction, it seems very ridiculous to expect that people like Tom and John could be friends.

　　Admittedly, the rich and the poor can meet in some other contexts. For instance, they might attend some of the same colleges and take the same courses, which means they can talk to each other in some occasions. However, such communication alone does not result in a reliable friendship. As we all know, to form a reliable friendship, people have to experience many challenges together. Having different goals and lifestyles makes it difficult to experience the same things.

　　In conclusion, as the differences in goals and lifestyles are so huge, I believe it is normally impossible for the rich and the poor to become good friends.

　　托福考生必備素材：人文藝術

　　一、專業詞匯

　　poetry analysis (n.) 詩歌分析

　　core meaning (n.) 核心思想

　　skim (n.) 略讀

　　stanza (n.) 詩歌章節

　　craft (n.) 藝術手法

　　rhhyme scheme (n.) 韻律;韻腳

　　ode (n.) 頌詩

　　metaphor (n.) 暗喻;隱喻

　　二、通用詞匯

　　rigorously (adv.) 縝密地

　　investigative approach 探究細節法

　　appreciation (n.) 理解;領會

　　miss out on (v.) 漏掉;錯過

　　jump to a cpnclusion (v.) 貿然下結論

　　disciplined critical skills (n.) 訓練有素的批判技能

　　extrace meaning from... (v.) 從……中推測含義

　　be adept at... (v.) 擅長于……

　　nuance (n.) 微妙之處;細微差別

　　doing... a disservice (v.) 對……不利

　　tedisous (a.) 枯燥的;乏味的

　　worth this risk (n.) 可能的事;值得一搏的事

　　meaningful (a.) 有意義的

　　figurative language (a.) 形象化的語言

　　long-winded analysis (a.) 冗長的分析

　　hone (v.) 改進;(喻)打磨

　　parrot (v.) 鸚鵡學舌

　　三、閱讀寫作素材句型庫

　　X has a lot to teach us.

　　They fail to realize that only through the benefits of X can one gain a deeper appreciation of Y.

　　Also, by carefully analyzing X, students become aware of Y.

　　Third and last, X trains young people to develop Y skills that can applied not only to X, but to Z, and even to personal and work settings.

　　四、講座素材寫作句型庫

　　The reading is correct in saying that X...

　　First off, let's take X

　　And what about things like X and Y such as Z?

　　As for the value of X, no doubt Y skills are good skills to hone.

　　But how can X learn to V by simply V-ing?

　　五、高分范文句型庫

　　There is a dichotomy of opinion about X

　　One school og thought, as represented by the reading, says X helps students gain a deeper appreciaton of Y.

　　The opposing camp, of which the professor is a mamber, emphasizes the pitfalls of X.

　　First, the professor opposes the reading's view as regards X.

　　Instead, he argues that X is...

　　Second, the professor disagrees with the reading on how best to V

　　He discounts the importance of X and places a high value on Y

　　Finally, while concurring with the importance of X, the professor takes an issue with how Y skills are Ved.

　　托福考生必備素材：論證negtive方面的常用句型

　　be at risk 處在風險中

　　… few of us has ever stopped to think about… 很少有人去考慮……

　　be concerned about… 對…….很關注，擔憂

　　have a hard time doing sth. 很難實現或完成某事

　　be at odds with sth. 與……不符，與……沖突

　　be threatened with… 受到……的威脅

　　abide by/ comply with/ conform to 遵守(法律、規定等)

　　… very little, if any, … 只有很少，如果有的話

　　be overly dependant/ reliant on… 對某事過度依賴的

　　be hard-pressed to… = find it difficult to…

　　be in short supply 供應短缺

　　widen the gap between… and… 加大兩者之間的差距

　　in part because…/ partly because… 部分因為……

　　frown on… 對……皺眉頭，反對

　　If… , … will ensue 如果……，某種結果將跟隨而來

　　… hover at high levels ……居高不下

　　be inundated with sth./ be saturated with sth. 充斥著……(一般加負面的東西)

　　be subject to… 經受、遭受……

　　A can be attributed/ ascribed to B A可以歸因于B(多用于負面)

　　be susceptible to… 容易受到來自……的影響

　　distract sb. from… 分散某人的注意力

　　at the expense of… 以……為代價

　　run contrary to 與……背道而馳

　　erode the culture identity/ national pride 侵蝕文化特性/ 民族自豪感

　　It’s wrong to equate… with… 把……等同于……是錯誤的

　　be confronted with sth. 面對挑戰、危機、困難等

　　copy sth. mechanically 機械地抄襲

　　… is not a panacea for… 某種方案并不是解決某個問題的萬能藥

　　be addicted to sth./ be preoccupied with sth. 對負面事物上癮

　　be absorbed in…/ be engrossed in… 對……(并不一定是負面事物)上癮

　　drive up the crime rate 導致犯罪率上升

　　exert detrimental influence upon/ have adverse effect on 對……有負面影響

　　sth. is unwarranted/ unjustifiable 某種做法很不合理

　　spin out of control 失去控制

　　are not compatible with…/ are incompatible with… 與……不一致或不協調

　　be likely to fall prey to/ be vulnerable to 容易成為……的受害者

　　sth. should be condemned rather than condoned 某事應該被譴責而不是被寬恕

　　What’s the good of…? ……又有什么好處呢?

　　live in poverty/ misery/ frustration/ anxiety 生活在貧窮/ 困苦/ 沮喪/ 焦慮中

　　diminish individuals’ leisure time 減少人們的休閑時間

　　stifle creativity 扼殺創造力

　　be afflicted by… 遭受……

　　be oblivious to… 對……完全無視

　　cause grave concerns 引起嚴重關注

　　spell disaster/ trouble for… 某事意味著災難/ 麻煩

　　deprive someone of sth. 剝奪某人的(自由、權利，或者某種生活方式)

　　take… for granted 想當然

　　poorly-informed, uninformed, or misinformed about… (公眾)關于某事的了解很少，完全不了解或者了解錯誤 (媒體類話題常用)

　　A has rendered B +adj./ n.作賓語補足語 A讓B變成某種狀態

　　lower one’s expectations 降低某人的期望值

　　go from bad to worse 越來越糟

　　There’s no guarantee that… 無法保證……

　　(a certain problem) has reached such proportions that… 問題已經到了……的程度

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