被動句的用法_怎么運用最好(2)
說明：1)以上的八個時態可用于被動式，其它沒有列舉的時態都不宜用于被動語態的句子中。2)另外，表中被斜線隔開的詞表示，供根據具體情況作選擇。弄清楚了be在各種時態中的變化形式以后，我們就能很輕松地寫出被動語態的各種時態了。我們可看看下面的實例：
English is spoken in many countries all over the world .(一般現在時)
世界上許多國家都講英文。
Some TV sets for sale in the department store were stolen last night. (一般過去時)
那家商場用來出售的部分電視機昨晚被盜。
He won't be allowed, by his father, to marry lucy. (一般將來時)
他父親不會讓他娶露西為妻的。
They would be sent to the army when they finished the training. (過去將來時)
他們結束訓練時將被派往部隊。
The project is being carried out.(現在進行時)
這個計劃正在執行中。
The case was being investigated then.(過去進行時)
那時這案子正在調查中。
This novel has been translated into several languages. (現在完成時)
這本小說已被譯成了幾種語言。
They said that production costs had been reduced. (過去完成時)
他們說生產成本已經下降了。
一般來說，在我們日常生活中，能用主動語態的時候就盡量不去用被動語態。
只有在下列情況中我們才用被動語態：
1)不清楚動作的執行者是誰, 例如:
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。
The time-table has been changed .時間表已變動了。
We haven't been informed of it .還沒有人通知我們這事兒。
2)說話人對賓語的興趣大于對主語的興趣(這時可用by引導出動作的執行者)，例如：
My TV set is being repaired in the shop. 我的電視機正在這店里修。
These books are written especially for children. 這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。
The song was composed by a young worker. 這首歌是一位年青工人譜寫的。
3) 不愿意說出動作的執行者，其目的是為了使語言得體、圓滑等。在這種情況下，有時常用一些句式，如"It is said that…"(據說……)，"It is reported that …"(據報道……)，"It is rumoured that …"(據傳言……)等等。例如：
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請您在下次會議上作個發言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據說她要嫁給一個外國人。
It is rumored that he has been appointed as successor to the president of our company . 據傳聞，他已被任命為我們公司總裁的接班人了。
It is generally considered impolite to ask one's age, salary, marriage, etc.. 問別人的年齡、工資、婚姻狀況等通常被認為是不禮貌的。
4) 出于修辭的原因，或是說為了更好地安排句子。例如：
The professor came to our school and warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.(句子的后半句用被動式就可以只安排一個主語。)那位教授來到我校并受到師生們的熱烈歡迎。
I went to the party and was asked by my friends to do some cooking for them. (同上)我去參加了那個聚會，朋友們還請我為他們燒了幾樣菜。
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area.
(此句若選those作主語，就會使主語與謂語相距太遠而顯得句子松散，因為它的定太長了。)這個提議特別遭到了那些在本地區投資很大的人的反對。
這里我們還要進一步談談幾種特殊的被動結構。
1)關于帶情態動詞的被動結構
帶情態動詞的被動結構的固定句式為"情態動詞 + be + 過去分詞"。也有個別帶"to"的情態動詞例外，如：ought to和have to ，它們的被動結構就只能在不定式中。例如：
The debt must be paid off before next month. 那筆債務必須在下個月前付清。
The debt has to be paid off before next month. 那筆債務必須在下個月前付清。
Oil can be turned into energy by burning it. 油經過燃燒可變為能源。
You ought to be criticized for your carelessness. 你由于粗心大意應當受到批評。
2) 關于帶有兩個賓語的主動態變成被動態
我們先來看看"帶有兩個賓語的主動態句子的結構"，重點看謂語部分 ：
She sent me a novel on my birthday .
主 謂 間接賓語 直接賓語 狀語
I allowed him an hour to finish the work .
主 謂 間接賓語 直接賓語 狀語
從上面的分析可以看出，兩個賓語分別是：直接賓語和間接賓語。將這種主動態的句子變成被動態的句子，可選兩個賓語中的任何一個作為被動態句子的主語，而將另一個賓語作為"保留賓語"寫入被動態的句中。但有一點要說明，那就是，如果你選直接賓語作"主語"，有時要在被動態句子的"保留賓語"前加上合適的介詞。因為這些動詞常有兩種句式，即：我們可以說give sb sth , send sb sth , buy sb sth ;我們也可以說give sth to sb, send sth to sb , buy sth for sb 。請看下面兩種情況的對照：
She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主動)
I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被動)
A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被動)
My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主動)
I was bought a watch yesterday. (被動)
A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.(被動)
3)關于帶有復合賓語的主動態變成被動態
如果將帶有復合賓語(既：賓語 + 賓語補足語)的主動態的句子變成被動態的句子，我們只能選擇原來句子的賓語作被動態句子的主語;而這時，原句里的賓語補足語就變成被動態句子的"主語補足語"了。例如：
The story made us laugh .(賓語補足語)
We were made to laugh by the story. (主語補足語)
They asked me to help them. (賓語補足語)
I was asked to help them. (主語補足語)
We saw them coming over. (賓語補足語)
They were seen coming over. (主語補足語)